Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice

Question: Examine about the Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. Answer: Presentation: While looking through research article explicit to the examination questions, it is imperative to utilize explicit pursuit terms so search process is characterized and suitable article with the hunt term is recovered. Utilization of watchwords in electronic databases gives explicitness to the inquiry. These watchwords show the point, which the database can recover in the wake of coordinating it with entered catchphrases (Shariff et al. 2013). There are different models that guides a medical attendant in clinical judgment. The Tanners model of clinical judgment and the proof based practice structure are two significant models to help nurture in clinical judgment during training. Leather treaters model of clinical judgment proposes following the phase of reviewing tolerant circumstance, seeing, deciphering, reacting and reflection-on-activity to take part in clinical learning and grow expertly in their profession. This assists with examining the biasness, moral viewpoint, level of information or involvement with directing a clinical errand. This is a sort of self-appraisal to pass judgment on clinical situation and give successful consideration to patients (Mariani et al. 2013). Then again, proof based practices empowers medical attendant to improve their clinical abilities by coordinating exploration proof in nursing practice. This give an all-encompassing job wherein the Tanners model assists with distinguishing the const raint in aptitudes of medical attendants and the proof based practice system gives the chance to execute best practice by the use of best proof in day by day practice (Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt 2011). Randomized controlled preliminary is the most significant level of proof, which means to decide the reason impact connection between an intercession and result. The fundamental bit of leeway is that it lessens biasness in the investigation by methods for the randomization procedure. Despite what might be expected, the reason for precise audit is to introduce the primary discoveries of various research writing to distinguish the viability of intercessions. It is a way to sum up and evaluate the exploration articles (Olivo et al. 2008). The principle of the examination study was to inspect the effect of telemonitoring based assistance structure for the administration of uncontrolled hypertension in patients. Research around there was viewed as significant because of the poor result seen from routine clinical strategy for hypertension treatment. This happened essentially because of inconsistent observing of circulatory strain by patients, poor treatment adherence and hesitance by specialists to strengthen treatment. Henceforth, utilization of randomized controlled preliminary will assist with assessing the impact of mediation on wellbeing result. The essential result for the investigation incorporate mean daytime mobile systolic circulatory strain a half year after the mediation and optional result incorporate both the daytime walking systolic and diastolic pulse. Different pointers of auxiliary result estimates included adherence to drugs, cholesterol level of patients, practice resistance and wellbeing related personal satisfaction (McKinstry et al. 2013). In the examination by McKinstry et al. (2013), members were asked to self-measure their circulatory strain twice every morning and night by methods for telemonitoring gear. Through this implies, the gadget could naturally transmit perusing to cell phones. Members could share the input of circulatory strain to different clinicians. The example size of 400 members is satisfactory for the investigation in light of the fact that the specialist used factual technique to gauge the example size necessity for the examination. This thought wass dependent on study plan and by methods for count with respect to fitting size that could assist with distinguishing contrast among telemonitoring and normal consideration (Zhong 2011). Post a half year of intercession, the mean distinction in daytime systolic walking pulse among telemonitoring and common consideration bunch was 4.3 mm Hg (95% certainty span 2.0 to 6.5). This information tells that contrast between circulatory strain perusing for telemonitoring and normal consideration arm. As the pulse fell between both gathering, the mean daytime systolic circulatory strain uncovered the distinction for the two arms. Then again, 95% certainty stretch implies that of 100 unique examples are taken, around 95 of the 100 certainty span will contain the genuine mean worth. Consequently, the mean an incentive inside 95% certainty span will lie between 2.0 to 6.5 and the worth will change between this worth. The p esteem for the mean distinction in daytime systolic walking pulse among telemonitoring and common consideration bunch was 0.0002. The p esteem is the likelihood of finding the watched outcomes when the invalid speculation of an examination question is valid. In this examination, invalid theory implies no distinction between pulse between two gatherings. P-estimation of 0.0002 uncover a factually high noteworthy. If there should be an occurrence of telemonitoring gathering, the mean daytime wandering diastolic circulatory strain tumbled from 87.4 mm Hg to 83.4 mm Hg. The distinction in mean an incentive for intercession and control bunch was 2.3 mm Hg. Despite the fact that there was no distinction in optional result for both grpup, anyway telemonitoring was powerful in bringing down the pulse. The randomized controlled preliminary investigation in patients with uncontrolled hypertension gave positive outcomes such a reduction in daytime mobile systolic and diastolic circulatory strain. More consistence with intercession was likewise found as patients were found to every now and again screen circulatory strain readings through the telemonitoring gear. The mediation was likewise financially savvy as cost was just required for hardware, preparing and discussion. I likewise propose to utilize telemonitoring for uncontrolled hypertension patients because of positive ramifications for clinical investigations. I would likewise make it more savvy by diminishing the duplication of exertion because of the time spent in adjusting the new innovation. This will be finished by giving satisfactory preparing to staff with respect to the effectively utilizing the telemonitoring hardware so they become sure about dealing with it. This would likewise dispense with the issue of rebelliousness with treatment and little thoughtfulness regarding continually screen the pulse. This intercession will elevate simple access to steady circulatory strain observing and looking for criticism from patients (McKinstry et al. 2013), Number of patients with recuperated ulcer (great result) in charge gathering (Bandage A)= 65% Number of patients with no recuperated ulcer (terrible result) in charge group= 35% Number of patients with mended ulcer (great result) in mediation gathering (Bandage B)= 85% Number of patients with poor mending of ulcer (poor result) in mediation gathering (Bandage B)= 15% Terrible result Great result All out Intercession gathering 15% (A) 85% (B) 100 Control gathering 35% (C) 65% (D) 100 A+C= half B+D= 150% 200 Relative danger of recuperating (RR)= = (15/100)/(35/100) = 0.428 Thusly, the overall danger of poor result in recuperating of leg ulcer is 0.428 On the off chance that the hazard is under 1, it shows that intercession bunch have less hazard contrasted with control gathering. Outright hazard contrast (ARD)= Difference in total hazard among control and mediation group= 85%-65%-20% Number expected to treat (NNT)= Inverse of total hazard reduction= 1/20= 5 This demonstrates atleast 5 individuals expected to rewarded to maintain a strategic distance from poor result in mending leg ulcer The estimation of RR as per figuring is 4.28. As relative hazard is the extent of hazard present among intercession and control gathering, this worth recommend that the danger of awful result is more in charge bunch contrasted with mediation gathering. The incentive for ARD is 20 %. This is just the contrast between hazard contrasted with relative distinction between chance. NNT estimation of 5 shows that at least individuals is should have been blessed to receive stay away from the danger of poor result in recuperating. Swathe B is considered over Bandage for mending ulcer since its relative hazard is low contrasted with Bandage A. While actualizing any new intercession, it is important to assess the assess the odds of hazard result. The base is the hazard result, the more viable is the intercession. Henceforth, Bandage B ought to be considered over Bandage for rewarding leg ulcer. Section three: Implementation of EBP There are numerous obstructions to executing the new looking into finding in clinical setting. These are: Hierarchical hindrance Due to absence of help in urging staffs to use proof based mediation, social insurance proficient keep on utilizing conventional strategy for care. T bargains the ideal nature of care. Issues in creating proof based strategy To successfully incorporate new research discoveries, proper approach advancement is required. Be that as it may, this is troublesome because of the furious methodology and introductory game plan to flexibly satisfactory data framework. Multifaceted nature and size of research-Nurses and staffs face boundary in deciphering the intricate research information and assessing their pertinence specifically practice zone. Absence of preparing When human services staffs are not sufficiently prepared in proof based consideration, it goes about as a boundary in the incorporating it in investigate practice (Sadeghi?Bazargani et al. 2014). This subject helped me plan for my job as a lesser clinician as I got the chance to learn new things about the approaches to apply best proof practically speaking. The assessment and investigation of the randomized controlled preliminary gave me new knowledge with respect to the motivation behind such examinations and how it adds to clinical intercession. Furthermore, utilization of various models, for example, proof based system and the Tanners model of clinical judgment upheld me in building up my basic reflection expertise. This apparatus can be successfully used to pass judgment on clinical circumstance, decipher issues and c

Higher education Essay Example for Free

Advanced education Essay Old logician Confucius, who was viewed as the primary expert educator in China, opened an old-style tuition based school in his old neighborhood. The school enlisted increasingly 3,000 understudies, and those understudies simply paid a representative education cost as certain harvests and meat. The old-style tuition based school has been followed for over 2000 years. In this manner, the least difficult and most ideal approach to scatter information is free instruction. China had a nine years’ mandatory instruction however it isn't advance with the occasions now. China ought to broaden a long time for the obligatory instruction that free training to senior secondary school understudies. With secondary school free instruction, understudies will have equivalent chances to be taught, center around learning and improving, and improve the way of life. Let’s take a gander at those advantages of secondary school free training. Give equivalent open doors Free training of senior secondary school can likewise give equivalent open doors as the typical child to poor people. In the past time, just well off individuals had opportunity to get training, however some destitute individuals proved unable. Presently, everybody has option to get information. Free training is a key to open the entryways of trust in some shrewd and poor youngsters. They can have the equivalent open door as the wealth to be instructed. In the article, â€Å"Free training gives equivalent opportunities† revealed that the legislature of China had discharged a recently plan of instruction that giving equivalent open doors in training. The administration will use more capacity to determine imbued issues as broaden free instruction. In numerous Chinese parents’ mind, if their kids have a decent and equivalent start in instruction, it will have a great deal of means and advantages for a child’s future (Zhang Jingya, 2010). We can guarantee that some clever and poor understudies can pick up the equivalent possibilities through free instruction. Free training gives a few preferences to those individuals who merit it and love it. In today’ society, everyone needs to have a more promising time to come, so it isn't refined to lose the better future as a result of the monetary issue. Everybody gets the opportunity to have an agreeable life and the best way to make it work out as expected is to have enough information. In the event that the general public can give an equivalent opportunity to the high schooler that don't have the condition to be taught, they will offer society a superior tomorrow. Concentrate on learning and Improving Free training of senior secondary school will enable the adolescents to concentrate on learning and improving. China proclaimed the law on necessary instruction in 1986. The administration ought to give a nine years necessary instruction that school ought to be liberated from education costs and different costs for every single youngsters. On the off chance that China expands a very long time for the mandatory instruction to secondary school understudies, it will help a few understudies without stress over the installment of education costs and different costs. They should concentrate on learning and accepting more information. For instance, in the article â€Å"China vows end of rustic necessary training charges in two years†, writer says that in certain spots that especially in the devastated provincial districts, the law of mandatory instruction didn’t executed on the grounds that neighborhood government couldn’t cost. Numerous schools are compelling for keep on gathering costs and charge different incidental expenses on their understudies as intentional gifts, raising money for school development, and after-school coaching charges (March 5, 2006). Free secondary school instruction will assist understudies with paying more thoughtfulness regarding learning not the financial hardship of their family. Moreover, youngsters in senior secondary school age are about the adolescence. That implies they are not adult enough in their body and brain. They can’t separate the set in stone in an entirely fitting way like the grown-up. As the explanation of that, in the event that they quit any pretense of going to secondary school in light of the monetary issue and entering society too soon they may lose their direction. It is anything but difficult to the point that they commit an error which will impact as long as they can remember, as associated with a wrongdoing. The free training of secondary school can change this circumstance. It is smarter to keep the adolescents in school so they can learn more information and develop their point of view. Improve the way of life Free training of senior secondary school can improve the way of life. Francis Bacon said â€Å"Knowledge is Power†. This sort of intensity should make people’s life increasingly superb and brilliant on the grounds that information can create numerous things. Free secondary school training would assist more with peopling have advanced education. In the article, â€Å"Knowledge Changes Fate†, the writer said that information turns into the most huge substance of human’s life. It contributes a ton in the monetary, government assistance and culture of the general public. The establishment that bolsters the film â€Å"Knowledge Changes Fate† needs to communicate the subject that the best way to change your destiny is to be instructed and get more information (Li kasheng, 1999). At the point when individuals are high instructed, they would have more opportunities to accomplish their fantasies and plans. Clearly, advanced education can help individuals to win the wild rivalry and procures more cash. They can carry on with the existence better by being effective. At the point when individuals have advanced education, individuals will consider to improve their own development after dispose of the battle for fundamental needs. As they feel fulfilled about their own life, they will do some general public works and chipping in and concern more issues which like the general public issues and condition issues. In this manner, all the more free training would have positive and upward impacts for the general quality and disapproving in the general public. End As the entirety of the substance of the exposition states, free training of senior secondary school can advantage our general public by a wide range of ways. It can give an equivalent chance to the adolescent that can't shoulder the expense of instruction, help the high schooler to concentrate on learning and improving, and improve the entire expectation for everyday comforts of the general public. In spite of the fact that China is a ground-breaking and prosperous nation today, our instruction framework despite everything has numerous holes need to improve and the most critical is the free training. In the event that the desire with the expectation of complimentary training works out as expected, China will step in a fresh out of the box new future. The antiquated rationalist Confucius enlisted very nearly 3000 understudies and he just charged the education cost of certain harvests and meat as the free training. How the antiquated can do this sort of free instruction, however we can't? The information is priceless in light of the fact that it help individuals to change as long as they can remember. On another hand, senior secondary school instruction ought to be free in China. References China promises end of provincial mandatory instruction charges in two years. (2006). Recovered March 5, 2006, from http://english. peopledaily. com. cn/200603/05/print20060305_248042. html Jingya, Z. (2010). Free training gives equivalent chances. Recovered August 6, 2010, from http://english. cntv. cn/program/china24/20100806/100804. shtml Kashing, L. (1999). Information changes destiny. Recovered from http://www. lksf. organization/en/venture/training/information/main01.

10 Books To Put On Hold at the Library Right Now

10 Books To Put On Hold at the Library Right Now Sponsored by Overdrive Meet Libby, a new app built with love for readers to discover and enjoy eBooks and audiobooks from your library. Created by OverDrive and inspired by library users, Libby was designed to get people reading as quickly and seamlessly as possible. Libby is a one-tap reading app for your library who is a good friend always ready to go to the library with you. One-tap to borrow, one-tap to read, and one-tap to return to your library or bookshelf to begin your next great book. There are so many great books being released, all the time. How to choose? And the lists! Library hold lists are so lonnnnnnng. As the late, great Tom Petty sang, The waiting is the hardest part. So here are ten great books coming out in the  beginning of 2018 you should absolutely sign up for RIGHT THIS MINUTE. The Immortalists by Chloe Benjamin   The four Gold children learn visit a psychic who claims to know when people will die. Readers follow along as we see how the information they are given shapes their lives. My spidey senses are telling me that this is going to be one of the biggest novels of 2018.  (Jan. 9) The Woman in the Window by A. J. Finn Finn tries his hand at Hitchcock in this thriller about a woman with agoraphobia who thinks she has witnessed a murder across the street. Set to be the big Gone Girl from the Train with the Dragon Tattoo of early 2018. (Jan. 23) The Wedding Date by Jasmine Guillory   If you are in the mood for something light and fun (and who isnt these days) check out this utterly charming novel about a fake wedding date that turns into real sparks when Alexa and Drew actually hit it off.  (Jan. 30) This Will Be My Undoing: Living at the Intersection of Black, Female, and Feminist in (White) America  by  Morgan Jerkins   Jerkins is one of the smartest young writers of her generation, and this insightful, revelatory collection of personal essays about a variety of todays important issues is fantastic.  (Jan. 30) The Hazel Wood by Melissa Albert Seventeen-year-old Alice must discover who has kidnapped her mother. Well, scratch that she knows who took her mother, but it seems impossible, since the man claims to be from the imaginary land Alices late grandmother wrote about in a book. This is going to be a huge young adult title for 2018. (Jan. 30) Feel Free: Essays by Zadie Smith A new essay collection! I was a big fan of Smiths last novel, Swing Time, but I am so ready to her some truths from Queen Zadie. (Also, it has been said that her next novel, coming in 2019, is her first try at historical fiction. YES PLEASE.) (Feb. 6) The Belles by Dhonielle Clayton Camellia is a Belle in Orleans, where beauty is a commodity. But Camellia wants more: She wants to be the Queens favorite Belle. But as she will learn, dreams have a price. I have been anticipating this book for so long, and I cant wait to get my hands on it! (Feb. 6) The World Only Spins Forward: The Ascent of Angels in America by Isaac Butler and Dan Kois An oral history about the importance of Angels in America, from the artists involved with its Broadway creation to the people involved in the film adaptation. Timed to be released with the 2018 Broadway revival.   (Feb. 13) Sunburn by Laura Lippman Lippmans latest is racking up starred reviews left and right. Its about two strangers who meet at a bar and become dangerously ensnared in each others lives. But who is the cat and who is the mouse? (Feb. 20) Ill Be Gone in the Dark: One Womans Obsessive Search for the Golden State Killer by Michelle McNamara True crime fans, raise your hand! This is a painstakingly researched book about the Golden State Killer, by the woman who gave him that nickname. Sadly, it will be as sought after for its subject as it will for the fact that McNamara passed away right before its completion.  (Feb. 27)

Skills for Project Manager and Project Management Tools Free Essay Example, 2750 words

Most projects have a deadline and tight schedules o maintain making the project manager s task difficult. Unable to cope with the day-to-day workload, they draw support from the existing staff and equipment. If they are unable to maintain a balance, the project and the productivity fall short of expectations. Project management tools help the project manager to identify the goals, develop plans to meet the goals, and manage the project according to schedule. They are thus able to develop a workable plan to not just to create a quality plan but to complete the project as per the schedule and accommodate changes and uncertainties. This paper will discuss the basic tools like the AdPM, Gnatt charts, CPM, Pert, and SWOT and RISK analysis, which aid the project manager in organizing, sequencing and developing schedules. According to Billows (2004), most PMs prepare a to do list in which they write all the pending jobs and people responsible for execution. This is commonly known as work breakdown structures (WBS) and this invariably results in failure. The project takes 50% more time than scheduled, on a weekly basis the to do list keeps expanding, and the team receives unclear vague instructions. We will write a custom essay sample on Skills for Project Manager and Project Management Tools or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Then these deliverables are further divided into individual assignments. This process requires some thinking and the right techniques have to be applied. This technique is scalable and hence people can be trained in the right methods to manage projects. AdPM methodology helps in status reporting, which is extremely essential for the project manager to establish and maintain credibility with the executives and the organization.

Monster Culture By Steve Cohen - 979 Words

In â€Å"Monster Culture†, Steve Cohen develops an idea that â€Å"monsters† are essential to society. In fact, they construct what is â€Å"normal†, â€Å"rational†, and â€Å"civilized†. Specifically, â€Å"monsters† are foundational to how we view ourselves. â€Å"Monsters† contain all the traits deemed unacceptable and odd. It can be concluded that every outlier is a â€Å"monster†. In â€Å"St. Lucy’s Home for Girls Raised by Wolves†, Karen Russell tells the story of a pack of wolf girls who are transitioning into young ladies. Russell delves into society’s need for conformity, gender roles, and change. The story is told from the point of view of the middle wolf girl, Claudette, and follows her on her journey from wolf to woman. In relation to Steve Cohen’s idea of monster culture, Claudette’s journey applies to Thesis IV â€Å"The Monster Dwells at the Gates of Difference† and part of Thesis I â€Å"The Monster’s Body is a Cultural Body†. Claudette is torn between two worlds and she has to learn how to successfully â€Å"move between the two cultures†. Through Cohen’s theses, Karen Russell uses character development and dialogue to depict the inner and outer battle of societal femininity and individualized femininity and the decision of accepting either side. The presence of â€Å"monsters† are essential for this acceptance. To build â€Å"the gate of difference†, Russell makes Claudette resistant to the culture change. This resistance allows for growth and conflict. Readers can see the inner conflict Claudette faces through theShow MoreRelatedThe Monster By Walter Dean Myers1554 Words   |  7 Pages Monster The idea of what a monster is and how it pertains to modern day society has fascinated readers and writers for decades. Before taking this class, I was aware of what a monster is and the function it served in today’s society. 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Underage Drinking †Short Essay Free Essays

Underage drinking, now more than ever, is a big problem us the US. In our society today, underage drinking is expressed as cool, or a way to have fun. Some causes of underage drinking are the media and peer pressure. We will write a custom essay sample on Underage Drinking – Short Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are also many negative effects of underage drinking such as health risks like alcohol poisoning. Media plays a big role in this risk. Just watching television you see commercials for beer or other alcoholic beverages. The media makes It look like fun all the time, and Like nothing bad can come from drinking. They make It very appealing to a teenager’s ye. The commercials do not show you the man who lost everything to his alcoholism, or the guy who had one too many drinks and spent the night hugging the toilet. I feel that alcohol Industries are targeting youth and will do Just about anything to get business. Peer pressure also plays a big role In underage drinking. The most Important thing In the life of a teenager Is to â€Å"FLT In†. Teenagers are almost expected to drink before they are 21 these days. If they don’t, they could easily be the outcast of their social circle and be made fun of. Most of the parents don’t punish their underage hillier for drinking because they did the same things when they were in high school. This can lead to teens thinking that it is an acceptable lifestyle to live. There are many negative effects of underage drinking. Not only is it illegal, there are many risks that can come from underage drinking. If you start drinking at a young age, there is a better chance that you are going to get hooked and be come and alcoholic later on in life. Drinking too much or too soon can hurt others, get you in legal trouble, and damage your relationships. In conclusion, there are several causes and effects of underage drinking. Media and peer pressure are two of the main causes. Teenagers use media in their everyday lives. Television is one example of media that makes alcohol appealing to young people. Peer pressure is also a cause of drinking under the age of 21 . The last thing a teenager wants is to be made fun of, and if that means they have to drinks few beers to keep that from happening then that’s what they’re going to do! There are also many negative effects of underage drinking such and alcoholism, and other health risks. Underage drinking is dangerous, not only for the drinker but also for society. Underage Drinking – Short Essay By allusions 1 Underage Drinking beer or other alcoholic beverages. The media makes it look like fun all the time, and like nothing bad can come from drinking. They make it very appealing to a teenager’s that alcohol industries are targeting youth and will do Just about anything to get Peer pressure also plays a big role in underage drinking. The most important thing in the life of a teenager is to â€Å"fit in†. Teenagers are almost expected to drink thing a teenager wants is to be made fun of, and if that means they have to drink a How to cite Underage Drinking – Short Essay, Essays

Scarlet Ibis free essay sample

There are multiple literary elements that combine together to create the theme and mood of a story. In the short story, â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis,† the author, James Hurst, demonstrates the use of literary elements and the importance of vital life lessons. The mood in this short story is deeply nostalgic and melancholy. The narrator faces the difficult obstacle of his pride vs. Himself (which is also the critical theme of the story). In the story, Hurst uses the elements of setting, foreshadowing, and symbolism to create a bittersweet, nostalgic memory of the character of Doodle. Various examples of how the setting reveals the mood of a story are found in â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis. † One specific example was at the beginning of the story where the author wrote â€Å"summer was dead, but autumn had not yet been born when the ibis came to the bleeding tree. † This sentence was the setting of the entire story and transmitted a thought that death would probably come in later somewhere in the story – and it did for both Doodle and the Scarlet Ibis. We will write a custom essay sample on Scarlet Ibis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The storm that was occurring seconds before Doodle died was also an example of setting. When the narrator said â€Å"When we reached Horsehead landing, lightning was flashing across half the sky, and thunder was drowning out the sound of the sea,† the mood quickly escalated to alarming and frightening, and it gave the reader more suspense. Literally seconds after this mood is created, the narrator goes back to this tree where his little brother Doodle is lying dead with blood dripping from his lips. In â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† the author demonstrates the use of foreshadowing to develop the mood to come later on in the story. The use of foreshadowing can develop the mood of an event before it happens in the story. Examples of this in the story are the â€Å"hints of death† that come out towards the reader such as when the Scarlet Ibis died, Aunt Nicey said that red birds were dangerous and unlucky, and Doodle ended up dying bright red. Another example of how foreshadowing develops the mood is that when Doodle was little, his family named him William Armstrong. The narrator then said â€Å"such a name sounds good only on a tombstone. † These examples of foreshadowing create a somber and solemn mood in the story because it is thought that even though actual death may not have yet happened in the story, the reader will still know that either death or something tragic likely will occur later in the story based on the wording the author chooses. Authors use symbols to add deeper meaning to certain people or objects in a story. Symbols affect the mood because the mood depends on the symbols the writer uses to define the it without having to directly state the mood or theme intended in the story. An example of symbolism in the story is the narrator’s pride. In â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis,† the narrator’s pride gets the best of him, therefore his pride equals danger. When trying to teach Doodle how to do the basic abilities of a child his age, the narrator went way too far and overworked Doodle because he didn’t want to be made fun of because of his â€Å"special† brother that couldn’t do anything. In the end, the narrator ended up straining and exhausting Doodle to where Doodle’s body and weak heart could take no more and he passed away. In this short story, the Scarlet Ibis symbolized Doodle in numerous ways. Both Doodle and the Scarlet Ibis were called â€Å"special† and â€Å"unlucky† when they were born. They were also both found dead on the ground the color bright red which is a symbol of blood. Finally, both Doodle and the Scarlet Ibis had come a surprisingly long way from where they started. At the first of the story, Doodle was believed not to even live a couple of days, but he pulled through and worked hard in learning how to walk, row, and do other basic activities. As he kept trying to do more and more work each day, it put more and more stress and pain on his body and his weak heart, he overworked himself, and therefore, his body gave up under all the pressure. When the narrator’s family found the Scarlet Ibis dead, it was noticeable that it had flown from somewhere extensively far away. The Scarlet Ibis and Doodle did the exact same thing – they tried to work themselves more to hopefully accomplish more in the long run, but ultimately ended up killing themselves because their bodies weren’t made strong and proficient, they were made fragile and delicate. In â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis,† the author, James Hurst, clearly defines the valuable message of not letting pride get the best of one. This use of life lessons and other literary elements helped to exemplify the themes demonstrated in the story – setting, foreshadowing, and symbolism. Hurst’s style of descriptive and creative writing genuinely told the reader the importance of a supportive family and community in this Southern short story.

The 70 Most Conservative Colleges in America

The 70 Most Conservative Colleges in America SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you hold strong political beliefs, you may want to go to a college where the students, faculty, and administration share your values. You’ll be more likely to find student groups that are aligned with your interests and beliefs. The values of the college will be more likely to coincide with your own, and you’ll probably have a more enjoyable college experience. In this article, I’ll give you the names of some of the most conservative colleges in the United States. Furthermore, I’ll detail the traits of conservative colleges, explain the possible advantages and disadvantages of attending a conservative college, and advise you on how to find a conservative college that's a good fit for you. Traits of the Most Conservative Colleges Conservative colleges are politically right-wing. The students tend to favor conservative positions like outlawing abortion, reducing the size of government, and protecting gun rights. Christian colleges are often more conservative. Many Christian colleges adhere to more traditional social views and rules that attract conservative Christian students and faculty. Furthermore, conservative colleges are more strict and regimented than liberal colleges. Conservative religious colleges like BYU and the College of the Ozarks have strict rules that all students must follow. At BYU, male students can’t have beards or long hair. These colleges are much less tolerant of alcohol and drug use than liberal colleges. Also, the armed service academies are known for being conservative. They have many more rules than the average college regarding personal appearance and conduct. Finally, the most conservative colleges often reflect the political leanings of their locations. Many of the most conservative colleges are located in conservative states. Examples of conservative colleges in conservative locations include Clemson University (South Carolina), Utah State, and the University of Alabama. However, there are conservative colleges in liberal states. Pepperdine and Thomas Aquinas College are conservative colleges in California, but they’re both Christian colleges. Possible Advantages of Attending a Conservative College If you're a self-described conservative, you may be more comfortable and happy at a college with many other conservative students. At very liberal colleges, students are often not that accepting and think negatively of conservatives. If you attend a conservative college, you’re more likely to meet people who share your political and social views, and you won't be ostracized for your beliefs. Also, at a conservative college, the faculty and administration are more likely to accept or believe in conservative values.Studies have shown that college faculty tend to be much more liberal. If you’re a conservative student, you may not prefer having your opinions evaluated by a professor who is likely to hold very different beliefs. Additionally, conservative colleges are generally more accepting of religious Christian students. Many of the most conservative colleges are Christian colleges that profess Christian values and attract Christian students. Even conservative colleges that are not Christian colleges have a larger proportion of Christian students than liberal colleges. Lastly, conservative colleges are more likely to stress discipline. The service academies require students to follow many rules regarding conduct and appearance. While young people often abhor rules, the discipline of service academy graduates may facilitate their success. The US Naval Academy and the US Military Academy both finished in the top 10 in Payscale’s rankings of the best colleges and universities by salary potential. Similarly, The College of the Ozarks makes all students work, but it’s a tuition-free college. US Military Academy Possible Disadvantages of Attending a Conservative College Depending on your beliefs and your ideal college experience, conservative colleges may not be a good fit for you. On issues of sexuality, conservative colleges are less likely to have resources for and be accepting of LGBT students. Similarly, the students at conservative colleges are more likely to be opposed to gay marriage. If you are looking for a college where LGBT students are welcome, you may feel like a misfit at a conservative college. Conservative colleges tend to have more structure. If you prefer more freedom and independence to direct your education and social lives, then you may feel restricted by the discipline of conservative colleges. For instance, some colleges have harsh rules regarding when you can have visitors in your dorm, drinking, and drug use. Finally, if you want a college where a wide range of students attend and where you can have your beliefs more regularly challenged, conservative colleges may be too homogeneous for your tastes. Conservative colleges tend to attract primarily students of conservative leanings. If you want a more liberal environment or a wide representation of beliefs, conservative colleges may feel one-note for you. Lists of the Most Conservative Colleges Niche Niche is a website that provides reviews, rankings, and statistics about neighborhoods and schools. It provides many different college ranking lists from the overall best colleges to the top party schools to the most liberal colleges. The Niche rankings of the most conservative colleges are based on a political poll of 50,000 students from 747 colleges. A full 80% of the rankings is based on student survey responses regarding the students' personal political leanings. The remaining 20% is based on student survey responses regarding the political leanings of other students at the college. The List Here are the top 50 most conservative colleges according to Niche, with #1 being the most conservative. There is a high percentage of private Christian colleges on the list. Most of the public colleges,such as Utah State, the University of Mississippi, and the University of Arkansas, are located in conservative states. University of Mississippi (JR P/Flickr) School Location Acceptance Rate 1. Liberty University Lynchburg, VA 24% 2. Brigham Young University - Idaho Rexburg, ID 24% 3.Brigham Young University Provo, UT 48% 4.Cedarville University Cedarville, OH 69% 5.Bob Jones University Greenville, SC 87% 6.Franciscan University of Steubenville Steubenville, OH 79% 7.Colorado Christian University Lakewood, CO 94% 8.Utah State University Logan, UT 90% 9.Maranatha Baptist University Watertown, WI 68% 10.Biola University La Mirada, CA 65% 11.Oral Roberts University Tulsa, OK 68% 12.LeTourneau University Longview, TX 44% 13.Ouachita Baptist University Arkadelphia, AR 67% 14.Oklahoma Christian University Edmond, OK 61% 15.Samford University Birmingham, AL 91% 16.Cornerstone University Grand Rapids, MI 63% 17.Southwestern Assemblies of God University Waxahachie, TX 23% 18.Evangel University Springfield, MO 75% 19.University of Mississippi University, MS 78% 20.Weber State University Ogden, UT 100% 21.University of North Georgia Dahlonega, GA 75% 22.Southeastern University Lakeland, FL 46% 23.Anderson University - South Carolina Anderson, SC 54% 24.Lee University Cleveland, TN 87% 25.Grove City College Grove City, PA 82% 26.Palm Beach Atlantic University West Palm Beach, FL 93% 27.Tarleton State University Stephenville, TX 50% 28.Crown College Saint Bonafacius, MN 54% 29.Oklahoma Baptist University Shawnee, OK 60% 30.Harding University Searcy, AR 70% 31.University of Northwestern - St. Paul Saint Paul, MN 87% 32.Wisconsin Lutheran College Milwaukee, WI 90% 33.Brigham Young University - Hawaii Laie, HI 27% 34.Dallas Baptist University Dallas, TX 43% 35.North Greenville University Tigerville, SC 59% 36.Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Prescott Prescott, AZ 76% 37.Louisiana Tech University Ruston, LA 63% 38.Union University Jackson, TN 63% 39.South Dakota State University Brookings, SD 91% 40.Olivet Nazarene University Bourbonnais, IL 78% 41.Pittsburg State University Pittsburg, KS 87% 42.University of Dallas Irving, TX 80% 43.South Dakota School of Mines Technology Rapid City, SD 85% 44.Ohio Christian University Circleville, OH 65% 45.Southern Utah University Cedar City, UT 72% 46.Campbell University Buies Creek, NC 81% 47.University of Saint Francis - Indiana Fort Wayne, IN 97% 48.Northwestern College - Iowa Orange City, IA 66% 49.Wheaton College Wheaton, IL 79% 50.Asbury University Wilmore, KY 70% Brigham Young University Princeton Review The Princeton Review rankings for the most conservative colleges are based on students' responses to the question "Politically, are you left-wing, Democrat, middle, Republican, right-wing?" The List All of the colleges that made the Princeton Review list for the top 20 most conservative colleges are religious, located in conservative states, or service academies. The schools that made both the Niche and Princeton Review lists are the University of Dallas, Brigham Young University, Grove City College, and Wheaton College. School Location Acceptance Rate 1.Grove City College Grove City, PA 93% 2.College of the Ozarks Point Lookout, MO 16% 3.Hillsdale College Hillsdale, MI 36% 4. University of Dallas Irving, TX 47% 5.Hapden-Sydney College Hampden-Sydney, VA 59% 6.Baylor University Waco, TX 39% 7.Wheaton College (IL) Wheaton, IL 85% 8. Auburn University Auburn, AL 84% 9.The University of Alabama - Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa, AL 59% 10.Iowa State University Ames, IA 89% 11.Mercer University Macon, GA 73% 12.Brigham Young University (UT) Provo, UT 52% 13.United States Air Force Academy USAF Academy, CO 12% 14.United States Military Academy West Point, NY 10% 15.Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 95% 16.Ohio Northern University Ada, OH 69% 17.Wofford College Spartanburg, SC 69% 18.University of Louisiana at Lafayette Lafayette, LA 56% 19.Texas Christian University Fort Worth, TX 41% 20. Berry College Mount Berry, GA 66% Texas AM Cushing Memorial Library and Archives, Texas AM/Flickr Student Reviews Niche also offers student reviews of colleges. Here are some comments written by students of some of the most conservative colleges in the United States. I tried to include positive and negative aspects of each school related to its very conservative environment. Texas AM I absolutely love my school. There is a strong love and passion for the university reflected every day on campus. Most importantly, the importance of being honest and having strong character is reinforced at Texas AM University. I would not have wanted to have attended any other university. After receiving my undergraduate degree in Agricultural Economics-Finance and Real Estate, I decided my time here was not over. I will now be attending graduate school to pursue my Masters of Real Estate. If I could do it all over again, I would not change a thing. Texas AM has to have the most ignorant, absurdly extremist right-wing culture I have ever encountered. I consider myself a conservative, but the sheer amount of bigotry and intolerance at this school is simply unacceptable for what is supposed to be an educated environment. I was always told that college was meant to expose you to a diverse group of people and help you prepare for a globalized world. AM does the opposite. It is a sheltered bubble for racist, homophobic, ethnocentrism coupled with extreme Christian and Republican views. Any sense of worldly knowledge, open-mindedness, or cultural exposure is met with disdain if not outright hostility. Brigham Young University I love attending Brigham Young University because it provides a learning environment that is compatible with my religious beliefs. The surrounding mountains are spectacular, and there are plenty of museums, theaters and libraries nearby. I hate the lack of diversity. I feel like although my classes are amazing, I'm not learning real life lessons because I'm in a Mormon bubble. However, there are a lot of cool opportunities. I love my professors and it's easy to get involved. US Military Academy Excellent options. You'll be making a lot of money. And people will want to hire you after the army. Drug tests are monthly, no civilians are allowed in cadet area, you cannot leave post hardly ever unless you are a senior, and you better drive the speed limit on post or you'll get pulled over. Grove City College My school has high academic, extracurricular and moral expectations. While others may dislike the high pressure to excel in multiple areas, Grove pushes us to do our best - to strive to reach our potential. In addition, Grove has a close-knit community. The school promotes and provides many opportunities for forming close connections with others. The campus is beautiful and the professors are superior. Grove City is a great college. Inter-visitation hours (where boys can go into girls dorms and vice versa) include Wednesdays from 7-10 PM, Fridays from 7PM-12 AM, Saturdays from 1PM-12AM, and Sundays from 1-10PM. While a boy/girl is your room, the door must be open 4 inches and a light other than the TV has to be on. You may think that those are just rules and people probably don't follow them. You would be wrong. Everyone follows them. If you have a boy in your room, you have to sign him in with your RA and then they go around during their shift to check to make sure your door is open and they can see a light. If they don't, they knock and come in to tell you to keep the door open or to turn the light on. Time limits are strict too; you gotta have them out right on time or the RA will kick them out. I'm not joking. This really happens. I've heard of people sneaking in on other days, but I've never seen it myself. There's no alcohol on campus and even if there is it's hidden away in someone's room who probably isn 't going to share. Grove City College How Should You Use These Lists of the Most Conservative Colleges? If you want to go to a very conservative college, you should research the colleges that interest you on the Niche and Princeton Review lists to determine if they’re schools you should apply to or attend. There are many factors to consider to determine if a college is a good fit for you including location, selectivity, support services, and the majors offered.Look at the school’s website, and use guidebooks, college finders, search websites, and other ranking lists to help you in the college selection process. If possible, consult with teachers, counselors, parents, current students, and alumni. What If You Want to Go to a Conservative College, but a School You're Considering Isn't on the Lists? Just because a school didn’t make either list doesn’t necessarily mean that it’s not conservative. Look at the school’s website to see if there are student groups that are aligned with your political and social views. There may be student groups for Republicans, conservative politicians, or members of the NRA. Sometimes, there will be an organization contact listed on the website. If so, you can contact a representative of the organization and ask about the atmosphere on campus. Also, you can consult other sources that evaluate or grade how conservative a college is. On the Niche profile for each college, under "diversity" for each school's guide, there is a category called "political activity" that describes the political activity on campus. For example, this is how Duke's political activity is described: Duke, like most universities, has a strong liberal streak, but conservatives have made their voices heard, as well. There are a variety of political organizations on campus that are populated by a significant percentage of the student body. Students advocate for a wide range of political causes, and the University regularly schedules guest political speakers, which are usually very well attended. For example, in 2010, more than 1,000 tickets to see Al Gore lecture sold out in a matter of minutes. Also, on the College View college finder, you can select that you’re â€Å"only interested in schools with a very conservative climate† and search for colleges that fit that criteria, and there are 20 other search categories to help you narrow your college search. Finally, remember that the political leaning of a college is often reflective of the area where the college is located. For example, colleges in the Northeast tend to be more liberal, and colleges in the South tend to be more conservative. You can determine if a specific city or town is liberal by looking up the candidates it supported in the last election and its views on various political and social issues. Keep in mind that there are conservative cities in liberal states and vice versa. Also, Christian colleges and service academies are typically more conservative regardless of their locations. Based on the past four presidential elections, the red states are the most conservative. What's Next? Because Christian colleges tend to be conservative, you may be interested in checking out my post on the best Christian schools. If you're applying to college soon, learn everything you need to know about the college essay. Finally, if you need to raise your SAT score to get into the college of your dreams, check out our 15 SAT tips to improve your SAT score. If you're taking the ACT, here are our tips to improve your ACT score. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Climate Change and Its Connections to Norms Lifestyle

Climate Change and Its Connections to Norms Lifestyle In May 2014,  two new climate change studies  were published, showing that the catastrophic collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet is underway, and has been for over two decades. The melting of this sheet is significant because it acts as a linchpin for other glaciers and ice sheets in Antarctica that will, in turn, melt over time. Ultimately, the melting of the south polar ice cap will raise sea levels globally by as much as ten to thirteen feet, adding on to the sixty-nine  feet of sea level rise that scientists have already attributed to human activity.  A 2014 report by The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warned  that we are underprepared for extreme climate events, as has been demonstrated by deadly heat waves, droughts, floods, cyclones, and wildfires. Yet, there is a troubling gap between the serious reality depicted by climate change science and the level of concern among the U.S. public. An April 2014 Gallup Poll  found that, while most U.S. adults view climate change as a problem, only 14 percent believe that the implications of climate change have reached a â€Å"crisis† level. A full third of the population believe that climate change is not a problem at all. Sociologist Riley Dunlap, who conducted the poll, also found that self-identified political liberals and moderates are far more concerned about the impacts of climate change than are conservatives. But, regardless of political inclinations, worry and action are two different things. Across the U.S., meaningful action in response to this harsh reality is scant. Research shows clearly that the level of carbon dioxide in the atmospherenow at an unprecedented 401.57  parts per millionis a direct result of the process of capitalist industrialization that has unfolded since the late 18th century. Climate change is a direct consequence of the widespread, now globalized, mass production and consumption of goods, and of the material construction of our habitat that has accompanied it. Yet, despite this reality, production and construction continue unabated. How Consumerism Shapes Our Impact on the Climate Its hard to accept that things need to change. As people who live in a society of consumers, who are steeped in consumerist way of life, we are socially, culturally, economically, and psychologically invested in this system. Our everyday life experiences, our relationships with friends and loved ones, our practices of leisure and amusement, and our personal goals and identities are all organized around practices of consumption. Many of us  measure our self-worth by how much money we make, and by the quantity, quality, and newness of stuff we are able to buy. Most of us, even if we are critically aware of the implications of production, consumption, and waste, can’t help but want more. We are inundated with advertising so clever that it now follows us around the internet and pushes notifications of sales to our smartphones while we shop. We are socialized to consume, and so, when it comes down to it, we don’t really want to respond to climate change. According to the Gallup poll, most of us are willing to acknowledge that it is a problem that must be addressed, but it seems that we expect someone else to do that work. Sure, some of us have made lifestyle adjustments, but how many of us are involved in forms of collective action and activism that work productively toward  social, political, and economic change? Most of us tell ourselves that achieving large-scale, long-term change is the work of the government or corporations, but not us. What Fighting Climate Change Really Means If we believed that a systemic response to climate change was an equally shared responsibility, was our responsibility, we would be responding to it. We would cast aside the mostly symbolic responses, given their marginal impact, of recycling, banning plastic shopping bags, swapping incandescent for halogen lightbulbs, purchasing â€Å"sustainable† and â€Å"green† consumer goods, and driving less. We would recognize that the solution to the dangers of global climate change cannot be found within the very system that has caused the problem. We would, instead, recognize that the system of capitalist production and consumption is the problem. We would renounce the values of this system, and foster new values oriented to sustainable living. Until we do that, we’re all climate change deniers. We may recognize that it exists, but most of us are not protesting in the streets. We might have made some modest adjustments to it, but we’re not giving up our consumer lifestyle. Most of us are in stark denial of our complicity in the changing climate. We are in denial of our responsibility to facilitate the necessary social, cultural, economic, and political changes that could begin to stem the tide of catastrophe. However, meaningful change is possible, but it will only happen if we make it so. To learn about how sociologists are addressing  climate change, read this report from the American Sociological Associations Task Force on Climate Change.

The Fisher King and Lost in Translation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Fisher King and Lost in Translation - Essay Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that in the movie ‘Fisher King’ sound is at the heart of the story of Jack Lucas, who was a radio personality. As a radio personality, he connected with his audience via sound. Sound and music were the vehicles with which he propelled his radio career. At the start of the movie, we see Jack using canned sounds in order to stage his show, to cue his callers and to basically project a kind of online personality that was intelligent, quick thinking, and generally upbeat. The use of certain tracks such as ‘Hit the Road Jack’ seems handpicked to convey a kind of carefree attitude, and it is unfortunate that this carefree attitude also resulted in Jack giving a piece of advice that he did not reflect much about, but which led to the caller translating what Jack said literally and open-firing on a crowd in a yuppie restaurant. It turns out that Robin Williams was there with his wife, and it was because of Jack’s advice that Robin Williams’ wife was killed by gunfire. Here the diegetic sounds at the beginning are canned but very relevant to the story. One can see too that the lyrics to the song ‘Hit the Road Jack’ seem in hindsight to have been a premonition of things to come for the man. He would literally hit the road after being traumatized by the shooting in the restaurant, realizing that is was his advice on the radio that led the man to commit the crime. He had been undone by a sense of guilt and went on a downward spiral. In a later scene, with Jack trying to get Parry hooked up with Lydia, the movie again resorts to this diegetic formula in the form of Jack staging a â€Å"radio show†-like audio atmosphere to get Lydia to sign up to Anne’s video service. Again here the diegetic elements are orchestrated to reinforce the fundamental messages and themes of the story, of Jack using a radio show atmosphere to redeem himself from the rest aurant massacre that he believed he had a part in, by coaxing the caller/murderer with ill-conceived nonchalant advice. The radio show formula is the key diegetic element in this part of the movie.

Equity and Trusts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Equity and Trusts - Essay Example This is because, it is expected that for a transfer to be effective, the share transfer form should be filled in, and then submitted to the company, for the completion of the share transfer process in the name of the new shareholder3. However, the ruling in the case Penningon v Waine EWCA CIV 227 [2002] ignored this maxim, and instead pitched the ruling on the intended actions of the transferor. This makes the principle of unconscionability vague in that; as the ruling provided in the case Tunkl v. Regents of the University of California, [1963], it is not possible to effectively establish the intentions of the transferor at the time of his/her death. The principle of unconscionability operates on the basis of three concepts, which are exploitation of weakness, duress and undue influence4. The holds that if any transfer is effected on the basis of any of the three concepts, where the transferor was forced to undertake the action out of severe pressure being exerted on him/her, then t he law, as was provided in the case Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co. [1965], considers such a transfer as unconscionable, since it was undertaken contrary to the good conscious of the transferor, thus making such a transfer ineffective5. In such a case, the ruling considers the exertion of pressure that arises from the beneficiary of the contract, and thus nullifies the agreement on the basis of the transferor having been forced to undertake an action that was against his or her conscious will. However, the law is silent regarding the exertion of pressure on a transferor by circumstances which are entirely outside the defendant’s control, and thus the pressure arising from a non-beneficiary is not provided a remedy6. Therefore, owing to the silent nature of the law regarding the action to be undertaken in case of the exertion of pressure by a third party, the law becomes vague and unspecific, which then renders the judgment made in application of the principle of uncon scionability not a good law. The principle of unconscionability was established in the Re Rose [1952], where the court observed that if everything had been done to transfer the title from the transferor to the transferee, but a delay has be caused by the operation of the law, then the gift of transfer still remains effective, as long as the transfer is not affected by the contrary conscious will of the transferor7. This provision pitches the validity of the delay on the routine operation of the law8. However, in the case Penningon v Waine EWCA CIV 227 [2002], the delay was caused by the failure of Mr. Pennington to submit the transfer form to the company, and thus the delay in this case does not fit into the routine operation of the law9. Therefore, the ruling under the case Penningon v Waine EWCA CIV 227 [2002], was not undertaken on the basis of the legal delay, but out of a mistake that emanated from the representative of the company’s auditors. However, the explanation gi ven by Lord Justice Arden in this case was that it would have been unconscionable for Ada, the transferor in this case, to change her

Advantages Of Aluminium As A Shipbuilding Material Engineering Essay

Advantages Of Aluminium As A Shipbuilding Material Engineering Essay The use of aluminium in any vessel involves a radical set of production methods compared to traditional shipbuilding processes. Hence, the methods used for the construction of aluminium vessels are an important factor in the feasibility study. The welding of aluminium is susceptible to hot cracking and can only be done using certain processes. It is important to employ the correct welding methods to serve different purposes. As aluminium technology matures over the years, new production methods such as aluminium extrusions were introduced in a bid to save time and which has also proven to be economical. The use of aluminium in naval shipbuilding exists in two forms; first there is the aluminium-steel ship, where in the case, the superstructure is made from aluminium intended for topside weight saving, and the hull made from steel. Then there is the all-aluminium ship, with the purpose of achieving a considerable overall reduction in weight. It is important to understand that though both forms have their advantages, there are design issues that must be addressed related to the use of aluminium in naval vessel. Background 1.2.1 Advantages of aluminium as a shipbuilding material Aluminiums most important characteristic is its light weight. When coupled with a reasonable tensile strength, it has grown to become the choice of material for many naval ships in the world. In a research by Wade (1996), when it comes to naval shipbuilding, mission capability is the most heavily evaluated criteria of the program. Speed is an increasingly important parameter under mission capability due to the shift in the maritime strategy of the worlds navies from blue-water operations that include traditional Anti-Submarine Warfare, Anti-Air Warfare and Surface Action to littoral operations focusing on surveillance, mine-clearing, counter-terrorism and support for landing operations. Ship Structure Committee (2012) suggests that there are many design parameters that can be optimized for a better performance, where structural weight is one such parameter that gives the most out of cost efficiency. According to Lamb and Beavers (2010), a decrease in weight relates directly to the reduction in material costs and operating costs throughout the service life while reduction in the power demand gives a higher fuel efficiency, higher speed, longer range and additional tonnage capacity. Also, aluminium gives additional benefits in the form of maintenance cost savings, where less painting is required. Brown (1999) mentioned that corrosion protection offered by aluminium is around 100 times slower than structural steel. The excellent corrosion-resistance of aluminium owes its trait to the thin layer of aluminium oxide that forms immediately when the metal is exposed to air, protecting it from external elements. The use of lightweight material like aluminium can also lead to stealth improvement (International Ship Structure Committee, 2012). In a timespan of just over a decade, aluminium high speed vessels have evolved from 30m long vessels that carried passengers and operated in littoral waters, to 120m long vessels that could carry both passengers and vehicles which operated in the open waters. Ship Structure Committee (2012) gave an overview of the prospect of aluminium in naval shipbuilding. Aluminium is a growingly popular metal in the marine industry, typically the naval shipbuilding industry because of the wide range of physical and mechanical properties that can be created through the alloying process. Aluminium can be alloyed with chromium, copper, magnesium, manganese, scandium, silicon, silver, tin, titanium, zinc and zirconium. This wide range of alloying produces different grades of metal each with different properties. Promising properties includes reduction in stress corrosion susceptibility, improving of toughness, strength and hardness, improving of strength without a decrease in ductility, good weldability, increase in tensile strength, elimination of hot cracking in welds, decrease in electrical conductivity and reduction in quench-sensitivity. However, the discrepancy of the material property and behaviour of aluminium was found to vary with different sources (Sielski, 2007). The differences come as a result of different standards used for determining yield strength. Some tests were done using a 50-mm gage length that measures only weld metal and heat-affected zone, and other tests use a 250-mm gage length sample that includes the base metal. Shown in the following is one such example of aluminiums yield strength discrepancy. Table (1), extracted from (Sielski, 2007). 1.2.2 Disadvantages of aluminium as a shipbuilding material Like any other material, aluminium also has its drawbacks. The two most important properties of a material are perhaps its yield strength and modulus of elasticity, a structure will be designed with considerations around the two properties to ensure that it is able to withstand a given load without exceeding certain permissible deflections and stress level, where the stress level is equal to the yield stress divided by a factor of safety. Albeit aluminium alloy has a high strength-to-weight ratio, it is to be noted that for every strong aluminium alloy in terms of yield strength, there is a stronger structural steel available. In terms of Modulus of Elasticity, which is the measure of stiffness of a material, aluminium and steel measures at 69 GPa and 200 GPa respectively. Since aluminiums stiffness is only a third of steel, it will likely be deformed three times more easily than steel if put under high strain. Therefore the use of aluminium alloy is generally only limited to vessels of up to 130 meters in length (Ship Structure Committee, 2008); the longer the vessel the more stiffening is required, until a point of impracticability. The figure below illustrates the undefined yield strength of an aluminium alloy as compared to mild steel. It is important to note that for aluminium, normally 0.2% strain limit or proof stress is used for design purposes. Yield Strength of Steel and Aluminium Figure (1), graph taken from (http://aluminium.matter.org.uk/content/html/eng/default.asp?catid=217pageid=2144417131) Another consideration is the low melting point of aluminium. As a naval vessel will likely be subjected to on-board fire if it comes under attack, the loss of mechanical properties of aluminium when temperature exceeds 200ËÅ ¡C (Ferraris, 2005) is unfavourable. Some classification societies and navies do not permit the use of aluminium for structural applications. While DnV, ABS and RINA permit the use of light alloy and AA5xxx series, Lloyds register does not. Brown (1999) noted that the cost of aluminium is roughly five times the cost of steel. Though it may be feasible to replace structural steel with aluminium alloy in view of the latters weight-saving and corrosion resistance properties, but it might not necessarily be economical. Table (2) Current Methods To determine the applicability of aluminium in naval vessels, it is important to look at the current aluminium technology available. The manufacturing and production process for aluminium is relatively new. Aluminium welding like the FSW process was invented just two decades ago at the Welding Institute in the UK. For aluminium usages to be feasible for large scale production of naval vessels, then the overall productivity must be improved. Such can be achieved through the application of aluminium extrusion and FSW as these methods offer significant cost savings (Collette et al., 2008). The existing studies on the reliability of aluminium stiffened panels can also give a clear idea of some of the impacts of aluminium usage. 1.3.1 Aluminium extrusions Adding to the advantages of using aluminium is its ability to be extruded. Extrusion can allow complex design of stiffeners to be produced which can, if used appropriately; reduce the effect of stresses experienced in the mid-ship region due to hull girder bending. Collette et al. (2008) researched on the ultimate strength and optimization of aluminium extrusions. Extrusion allows a designer to replace conventional welded plates or stiffeners with extruded profiles of varying thicknesses and it can be used on decks and side shells, places with large amount of area for an increase in weight savings. This method effectively reduces the number of welds to be performed and also reduces the complexity of the overall design of the structure. The study examined three different types of extruded stiffeners, the conventional T type, the sandwich type and the hat type for use on board a high-speed vessel. The performance of all three types was found to be similar, and the study concluded that the panel should be selected based on considerations rather than which has the best strength to weight ratio. Such considerations may include cost, ease of construction and material fatigue. In the figure below, the joining of conventional plate to the stiffener requires welding while for the extruded panel, both the plate and stiffener is extruded as a single unit. Sectional view of Aluminium Extrusion panels Figure (2) 1.3.2 MIG and FSW welding To consider the feasibility of using aluminium in shipbuilding, it is important to look at aluminiums weldability. Metal-Inert-Gas (MIG) welding, a subtype of Gas-Metal-Arc-Welding (GMAW) is the earliest form of welding for aluminium plates. In the 1950-60s, further developments gave more versatility which resulted in a highly used industrial process nowadays. Until recently, a new and better method of aluminium welding is invented, namely the Friction-Stir-Welding (FSW). FSW is a new concept of welding where the metal is not melted for the joining process so that the mechanical properties remain unaltered as much as possible. The join between the two plates is then softened for the metal to fuse using mechanical pressure. Kulekci (2010) notes that the FSW increases tensile, impact, and fatigue strength of the welded joint as compared to MIG process. Less hardness change and a narrower heat-affected zone can be expected in the welded material as less heat is produced from the FSW process. Higher heat intensity from the MIG process can damage the mechanical properties of aluminium. By using FSW, production rate and quality will increase and production costs will decrease. Friction-Stir Welding Process Figure (3), pictures from (http://www.fpe.co.uk/processes/friction-stir-welding) 1.3.3 Heat-Affected Zone Mahoney et al. (1998) researched on the FSW process induced Heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the 7075 T-651 aluminium alloy. A series of tensile tests both longitudinal and transverse to the weld produced results that showed the weakest region is at the lower temperature location within 7 to 8mm from the edge of the weld area. While the average weldable aluminium alloy displays a 30 to 60% reduction in yield and ultimate strength, the loss in ultimate strength of FSW aluminium alloy is only around 25% and the yield strength at the HAZ is about 45% less than the base metal. 1.3.4 Strength and reliability in aluminium stiffened panels Benson, Downes and Dow (2009) note that as aluminium alloy is an established structural material in the shipbuilding industry for high speed crafts and naval vessels, the analysis for large high speed craft operating in ocean environments have since developed rigorous methodologies for the evaluation of ultimate strength in the hull girder. The fast increase in capacity and size of aluminium vessels has led to the demand in new engineering tools and solutions to effectively analyse the structural performance of these vessels. One of it could be the analysis on the ultimate and fatigue strength of aluminium stiffened panels. The ultimate and fatigue strength of the panels can be predicted by using the Reliability method, which consists of firstly using limit state equations to determine when the structural member has failed. Secondly, to determine the average value and the collection of random variables distribution in the limit state equation. Then the final step is to estimate the probability of a failure. Collette (2005) researched that in the Stress-life or S-N fatigue approach, the fatigue life of a material is determined by applying continuously a varying load of constant amplitude until a crack is observed. However the main drawback is that it is not able to give feedback on the seriousness or the size of the crack. That is where the Initial-propagation of I-P method proved to be more useful. The main difference between both is that when the crack starts to form in the material, I-P method can estimate the growth using a fracture mechanics model. 1.3.5 All-aluminium naval ship With all the existing technologies and methods available for aluminium shipbuilding, aluminium has the potential to replace steel in the future as the main ship construction material. Lamb and Beavers (2010) studied on the significance of an all-aluminium naval ship. It proposes two types of aluminium frigate, one with a reduced draft, the other an aluminium equivalent of a steel frigate, with identical draft and similar in weight. Aluminium ship with a reduced draft can allow for a reduction of block coefficient, thereby reducing resistance and increasing speed. With a finer hull, less power is required for propulsion, in turn cutting costs during operation. The authors went on to conduct an analysis of steel and aluminium equivalent naval vessel design focusing on the acquisition and ownership costs. The findings showed that an aluminium ship can be constructed with just 7.5% of the cost of an equivalent steel ship even though 50% more labour hours are required for construction of the aluminium ship. The authors highlighted that this is possible due to the overwhelming benefits of aluminiums significantly lighter weight. Aluminium ship was also found to have operational and ownership cost advantages. Furthermore, advancement of aluminium technology in manufacturing process and design methods has closed the gap between steel and aluminium acquisition costs which in some cases, shipyards are producing aluminium structures more cost effectively than equivalent steel structures. 1.3.6 Hull-superstructure interaction One of the important factors to consider when designing a naval vessel is its hull-superstructure interaction. With the aid of structural analysis software MAESTRO, Hughes and Jeom (2010) determined that Hull-Superstructure Interaction is a very complex study that can only be visualised effectively through 3D finite element model, rather than an inadequate beam theory. The vertical center of gravity for any naval vessel is critical, therefore it is important to keep the center of gravity as low as possible, either by reducing the size or using a lighter material in the superstructure. Another important thing to note of Hull-Superstructure Interaction is the superstructure continuity with the ship side. A superstructure will participate substantially in hull girder bending in vertical continuation with the ship sides if the superstructure is long and continuous. It will undergo the same bending radius as the hull. If the superstructure rises from the same plane as that of the ship sides, then the bending will be maximal. To exclude the superstructure from any hull girder bending, it is possible to do so through offsetting it from the side sides. If superstructure is not in line with the ship sides, due to the flexibility of the deck beams, the sides of the superstructure can be subjected to a much larger radius of curvature. In the case of such design, then an intermediate transverse bulkhead must be included in amid-ship for the purpose of terminating excessive cyclic deflections and stresses in the deck structure. The above are especially critical as a design consideration with regards to naval vessels. To further complicate matters; in a naval vessel, the amid-ship portion is used for RAS operation, or Replenishment At Sea. RAS operations are very difficult manoeuvres to execute; and it has to take place in amid-ship due to the heavier pitching motions of the vessel at both ends. In addition to that, RAS operations also require a large open deck area on both sides of the vessel. This means a reduction in the size, or width of the superstructure in amid-ship, precisely the area which experiences the largest hull girder bending. 1.3.7 Fatigue-induced cracking In the case of an aluminium superstructure, the fatigue experienced will be even greater than for an equivalent steel superstructure (Grabovac et al., 1999). The cases of similar Royal Australian Navy FFG-7 class frigates which experienced fatigue-induced cracking in the aluminium superstructure were caused by a combination of applied cyclic stresses and stress concentration interacting with a region of material weakness. This problem of fatigue-induced cracking has surfaced in almost all ships of this class. The vessel has a continuous aluminium superstructure welded atop a steel hull, which is prone to a substantial amount of hull-girder bending (Hughes and Jeom, 2010). This further reflects on how the Hull-Superstructure Interaction can affect a vessel. In the case of their study, composite material is then chosen for repairing of the cracked region by adhesive bonding, which proved to be working later on with subsequent series of assessments. Methodology Lamb and Beavers (2010) introduced three types of ship for their study, the baseline steel, the aluminium reduced draft and the aluminium reduced block coefficient ship for comparison. The aluminium reduced block coefficient has the same draft as the baseline steel ship but its block coefficient is much lower than the other aluminium ship. The authors designed a 10m long mid-ship section of a naval vessel and then derived the scantlings using the ABS High Speed Naval Craft Rules. The scantlings include steel, aluminium and aluminium extrusion. Subsequently, bending moment and stress calculations were performed and the results shown were much less than the design stress of 23.5 t/cm ² for steel and 12.4 t/cm ² for aluminium. Reasons for the huge differences were given that most of the plating is based on allowable minimum thickness rather than that derived from the formulas. 1.4.1 Linear Stress Analysis The structural study in the present paper will adopt the Linear Stress Analysis method. Similar to the work of Lamb and Beavers (2010), the material behaviour in this study will only be looked at in the elastic range. In the Linear Stress Analysis, the stress is assumed to be directly proportional to the strain and the structural deformations are proportional to the load. Shown below is the stress-strain graph of a material, where the limit of proportionality is the limit of the Linear Stress Analysis. Considerations will not be made for the behaviour after the limit of proportionality. Where (C) is the proof stress of the material. Stress-strain graph Figure (4), graph taken from (http://www.sr.bham.ac.uk/xmm/structures3.html) In the case of Non-linear Stress Analysis, problems are solved by applying the load slowly, and then take account of the deflection with each increment. Stresses will be updated with each increment until the full load is applied. A more complex Non-linear FEA requires iterations for equilibrium with each increment; hence it is a computationally expensive approach. 1.5 Discussion Aluminium usage in naval shipbuilding has been increasing steadily over the years as shown in the literature above. Commercial and merchant aluminium vessels were built with different purposes and intentions in mind, some built for an increase in speed, some for more capacity and some simply for costs saving. In the case of naval ships however, they share more similarities. Common objectives would be an increase in speed and payload, if not for a reduction in draft. It is therefore important to understand what different aluminium alloys can offer for different specific function of the ship. Aluminium alloy as mentioned earlier was found to have some discrepancies among various authorities; this might be due to the poor definition of aluminiums yield strength due to the nature of its properties. Nonetheless, aluminiums yield strength will be taken as 0.2% of its strain limit. Designing an all-aluminium vessel of a 130m in length is an inherently complex task, and the strongest design, most up-to-date methods of production and manufacturing must be adopted to reduce the risk of a structural failure. Due to the nature of the method employed in this paper, where a standard steel hull will be replaced by an aluminium equivalent, it is important to consider the application of aluminium extrusion as a more effective way to increase the stiffness of the hull to ensure no deformation takes place prematurely. As fatigue-induced stresses was found on almost all of the FFG-7 class frigates, there is a need to study the hull-superstructure interaction of the vessel and understand the effects if applied on an all-aluminium vessel. Among the past studies, few have made comparison between a steel ship and an aluminium ship. One notable work is from Lamb and Beavers (2010), which based their calculations on a hypothesised frigate. This present paper differentiates from that in a way that it looks at the differences between the two materials if used on an existing vessel. For a ship that already has an optimum hull form, and re-designing it would be irrelevant due to specific mission capabilities, it will be useful to adopt this approach. Another way to look at it is that certain navies might prefer to build an aluminium equivalent of a steel Off-the-Shelf (OTS) ship like the FFG-7 which has proven to be a cheap and seaworthy ship, than to completely redesign an entire vessel. The design process of a new naval vessel can take up to several years. Apart from that, the past research of the all-aluminium ship with its cost and feasibility study was found to be outdated and non-applicable to the present year. The present research will provide an up to date costs comparison between steel and aluminium, inclusive of costs incurred in the welding process, and with the additional consideration for aluminium extrusions. Also critical will be the consideration of the various methods of welding. It is important to note that there are limitations within this feasibility study. The Linear Stress Analysis method adopted is only accurate to a certain extent and Non-linear Stress Analysis method should be adopted for any future work in this topic. Also, there are considerations which will not be covered in this feasibility study. Factors such as the lack of infrastructure for aluminium naval shipbuilding in terms of aluminium workshops and supply of aluminium panels will not be considered. Limitations may also include the lack of skilled workers and expertise in aluminium manufacturing and ship production. 1.6 Aims and Objectives In short, the purpose of this paper is to study the feasibility of using aluminium as a naval shipbuilding material. To achieve that, it is necessary to include the common shipbuilding material, steel, for comparison. This paper aims to give a clearer comparison, in terms of designs, methods used, costs incurred and production time of the two ships. The US Navy FFG-7 class frigate will be used as a base ship. Designed in the mid-1970s by Bath Iron Works and partner Gibbs Cox, FFG-7 frigate is intended to serve as an inexpensive escort ship. Its area of operations includes protecting merchant convoys, replenish groups, landing forces, submarines and carrier battle groups; also performing anti-submarine warfare or surface action. The frigate has a steel hull with an aluminium superstructure intended for weight saving. The overall bending stress characteristics in the mid-ship section of the frigate will be presented through load, buoyancy, shear force and bending moment calculations; one with steel hull and the other, a hypothesised aluminium hull of the same dimensions. Essentially, constraining the dimensions of the hull for an aluminium equivalent will result in an increase in plate thickness due to the reduction in the section moduli of aluminium. An alternative could be the increase in the number of stiffeners to be used and ultimately, the final design of the aluminium equivalent mid-ship section should include both methods for a section modulus increment. The results produced should show that an aluminium hull would still be sufficient in terms of section modulus to keep the maximum bending stress values under the design stress of the frigate, at 131.75 N/mm ² (Ship Structure Committee, 2002). All calculations in the present structural analysis will be based upon the linear elastic region of the materials only. Through the study on a mid-ship section, it can provide an idea of the stress characteristics of the entire vessel as the maximum bending moment will usually takes place in that region. Finite Element Analysis software MAESTRO will be used to model a mid-ship section of the naval vessel and give a better understanding of the structural stresses acting on the aluminium hull. The paper will go on further to present the costs relating to the two ships, in terms of acquisition, productivity and ownership of the vessels with respect to the current steel and aluminium prices. The results from the study will be analysed and discussed, after that the conclusion will be drawn accordingly.

The Extraordinary Making of You

The three-part documentary series Countdown to Life: The Extraordinary Making of You, by Jonathan Renouf, Naomi Austin and Martin Johnson is depicted around the journey to discover the process of the formation of us, the human beings. Hosted by Michael Mosley; the documentary contains animations of fetal development and individual's sharing their stories about their own birth defects while relating to the fetal developmental process that happens prior to birth. Though the documentary does not explain the human development process in details, I decided that this was a good start for laymen who wants to understand the process of how us human beings are made from the point of conception to the point of birth at forty weeks. As a human being living in the social community, we need a better understanding on how an individual operates either biologically, behaviourally or emotionally. The documentary emphasized on critical stages that happened before we were born and the consequences of having a defect when the developmental process was disrupted. In which it delivers, it also brought upon the uniqueness and differences of human beings in the concept of biology, focusing especially in genetics. In the following paragraphs, while basing on the documentary I will explain more in details on the critical stages of fetal development process with in-depth explanations of the defects that could occur within these stages.The first episode of the documentary series ventures around the processes that happens to the embryo during the first eight weeks in the uterus. It shows how the human development began with the process called fertilisation where the male gamete, sperm together with the female gamete, the oocyte, fused and unite to give rise to a zygote (Sadler ; Langman, 2012). Two sets of genetic instructions, half from each parent combined to create unique genetic code for one human being. Occasionally, instead of forming only one zygote, the cell divides to become identical twins, triplets, and in rare cases, even quadruplet cases. Holly, Jessica, Ellie and Georgie, are one of the rare identical quadruplets in which it was mentioned that the odds of having four genetically identical individuals are one in 64 million. A theory was presented for how separate embryos can be formed and it was due to the breakdown of vital communication between the cells causing clumps of cells to get separated and went on to create separate individuals. This shows that just from a simple yet complicated breakdown process that occurs between the cells, it could affect the number of individuals to be formed, causing the creation of identical twins. This however, does not applies to what we called fraternal twins. In biology, identical twins are termed as monozygotic twins while fraternal twins are termed dizygotic twins. According to Lakna (2017), on her article Difference between Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins, she explained that dizygotic twins are developed from totally two different eggs, which are fertilized by sperms separately. When a woman is pregnant with fraternal twins, it is like having two pregnancies at one simultaneous time. Unlike identical twins that are genetically similar, fraternal twins are entirely different individuals that does not share the same genetic properties. It is mesmerising to find that human could be undergoing the same process yet so different, due to simple twists just within five days of conception. I was bewildered by the next fact that I found from the documentary. It was claimed that around 200 hours after conception, changes that occurred in the embryo can determine the lifespan of an individual. Based on seventy-year research done in Keneba,Gambia that study on this matter, children conceived during dry months are at seven times higher risk of mortality compared to that of children conceived during wet months. In dry season, mothers eat more calorie-rich grains compared to mothers who conceive in the wet season, who eat more leafy greens. The moleculer chemical from the vegetables combines with the strand of DNA and changes how some our genes work permanently, affecting our lifespan. In many socio-cultural norms in the world, the expression â€Å"eating for two† is commonly heard to refer to pregnant women in regards to their dietary habits. Ellis, Giannetti, and Fagan (2011) conducted an analysis of relationship of mother's nutritional intake with the effect on her developing fetus in life. In the analysis, the authors stated that, â€Å"the most important thing a mother can do during pregnancy is take care of her own body so that the baby can flourish later in life†. Hence, it is clear that mother plays important role in determining the health of the future generation that will be born, either physically, metabolically, psychologically or genetically.Melanie Gaydos' story is one of the stories that remained intact in my mind from the moment I watched it. From the story, I knew that her birth defect has affected her deeply in psychosocial aspect and influenced the flows of her life, shaping her for who she was. Her story discussed on what happened to a fetus within the first fifteen days after conception. The cells began to transform into over four hundred different cell types to make up parts of the body. Human beings are made up of three layers of cells; ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Any defect during this point of transformation could produce serious defects to the embryo, such as in Gaydos' case, ectodermal dysplasia. Ectodermal dysplasia is a group of inherited disorders characterised by defect in hair, teeth, nails, or sweat gland function, in addition to other abnormalities in the ectodermal tissues. The disease is caused by mutation or deletion of particular genes located on different chromosomes and it either can be passed down the family line, or the mutation occurred de novo (Bhaudaria, Sharma, & Prajapat, 2014). Talking about genes, the documentary also shared the story of Nell who inherited an extra growth gene from her father. Unlike her, a normal embryo inherits one only growth gene from both paternal and maternal origin and each of the gene balance one another to produce a normal-sized embryo. This defect made her a large for gestational age (LGA) fetus and the extra gene has stimulated the overproduction of growth hormone, IGF-2. She became morphologically larger than her peers and consequently, exposed her to a high risk of cancer. From their cases, it is important that we need to have a normal gene development to ensure a normal development of self.In our body, we have hair-like projections called cilia to direct the proper placement of organs in our body. The process usually occurs around nineteen days after conception. Average normal human beings have their hearts located on the left side of the body and the liver is located on the right side. In rare instances, there are cases where the organs are located in totally opposite sites like a mirror image and this happened to Randy Foye. His condition is called dextrocardia. Maldjian and Saric (2007) wrote a review on dextrocardia. According to their review, dextrocardia is a heart positional anomaly in which heart is located in the right hemithorax with its base-to-apex axis directed to the right and is caused by intrinsic factors of the heart itself. Since I was a medical student before, I could assure that his condition would definitely baffled any doctors of any level of experience during the regular medical check-up session. Fortunately, according to the documentary the condition did no harm to his body and he could live as a normal living being, outwardly. Commonly, dextrocardia is accompanied by cardiac anomalies (Maldjian & Saric, 2007). The formation of the heart itself began when the embryo was initially a flat disc. It then folded and became a neural tube and the edges came together to form a spinal cord. Eventually, primitive heart was created and within five weeks of pregnancy, it could already be detected by using ultrasound. Heart anomalies are extremely serious that some babies need an immediate surgery right after born. Examples of congenital heart defects are right ventricular hypertrophy, aortic valve stenosis, coarctation of aorta or atrial septal defect.